Fig. 3

The influence of climate on phenology at multiple temporal scales. Wavelet coherence analysis of seed fall (a, b, c) and leaf fall (d, e, f) with local climate variables indicates strong connections at both seasonal (1 year) and ENSO cycles (2–7 year). Red regions bounded by black contour lines indicate significant coherence (α < 0.05). Lighter shading indicates areas outside the cone of influence within which there are sufficient data to reliably test patterns at particular periods and times