Fig. 6

Coordination between leafing and fruiting at multiple temporal scales. a Wavelet coherence between leaf fall and seed fall shows strong coordination at both seasonal and ENSO cycles. b Phase-angle histogram for leaf fall and seed fall for the seasonal cycle and c for periods of 2–7 years, corresponding to the ENSO cycle. Phase angles were calculated for areas inside the cone of influence and for coherence >0.5 in a. Negative angles (blue area) indicate that leaf fall leads seed fall