Fig. 1

Geological map and idealised stratigraphy of the study area. a A simplified geological map of the Transvaal Supergroup preserved on the Kaapvaal Craton. b Composite stratigraphy of the studied succession in the Carletonville area. The stars in a locate the three cores analysed in this study. The geological map is modified from Sumner and Beukes74. The generalised lithological column, sequence stratigraphic and facies analysis follow refs. 28, 29. Note that stratigraphic column is not to scale. Age constraints: aHannah et al.21, bRasmussen et al.22. Quadruple sulphur isotope stratigraphy follows Luo et al.20. Gp: group, S-MIF: sulphur mass-independent fractionation, S-MDF: sulphur mass-dependent fractionation, Tran.: transitional interval