Fig. 1

Change in leaf area index and transpiration from CO₂ vegetation forcing. Change in mean summer a, c, e leaf area index (LAI) and b, d, f transpiration from CO₂ vegetation forcing. For each CO₂ concentration, the area-weighted value for the a–b tropics (15°S–15°N), c–d subtropics (15°S/N–30°S/N), and e–f extratropics (30°S/N–70°S/N) is calculated for the TotalCO2 and RadCO2 simulations. Then, the values are smoothed with a five-year running mean and the difference (TotalCO2 – RadCO2) for each model is plotted. Multi-model mean change in summer g LAI and h transpiration from CO₂ vegetation forcing averaged over the final 30 years of the simulations (shaded region in a–f). Only statistically significant changes are plotted (Methods). Zonal averages of LAI and transpiration change (land grid points) for each model are plotted to right of each map. June–September (December–March) values are used in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Evapotranspiration (ET) is used for HadGEM2-ES in b, d, f