Table 2 Benchmarking of graphene-based membranes for organic dyes separation

Membrane	Preparation method	Thickness	Dyes	Rejection (%)	Permeance (L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹)	Reference
rGO + CNT	Vacuum filtration	1230 nm	MB/ AO7/ RB	98 ± 2	52.7	14
GO	Shear aligned	150 ± 15 nm	Various dyes	95 ± 5	71 ± 5	15
TMC cross-linked GO	Layer-by-layer	3–30 nm	MB	46−66	8–27.6	16
TMC cross-linked GO	Layer-by-layer	3–30 nm	RWT	93−95	8–27.6	16
NSC-GO membranes	Vacuum filtration	1.85–2.17 µm	RB	87 ± 3	279	17
			EB	83 ± 1	573
			MO	96	3.3
CCG	Vacuum filtration	250 nm	DY	67	40	18
uGNMs	Vacuum filtration	53 nm	MB	99.8	3.2	19
uGNMs	Vacuum filtration	22 nm	DR 81	99.9	21.81	19
HPEI/S-rGO	Vacuum filtration	25 nm	BF	86.5	97.5	20
			MB	85.4	98.6
			EB	100	85.2

CNTs carbon nanotubes; TMC 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride; NSC-GO, nanostrand-channeled graphene oxide; CCG chemically converted graphene; uGNMs ultrathin graphene nanofiltration membranes; HPEI/S-rGO, hyperbranched poly(ethylene imine)/solvent solvated reduced graphene oxide; RB rhodamine B; MB methyl blue; AO7 acid orange 7; RWT rhodamine–WT; EB evans blue; MO methyl orange; DY direct yellow; DR 81 direct red 81; MLB methylene blue; BF basic fuchsin

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