Fig. 6

Visuomotor rotation control task. a The visuomotor rotation (VR) task. Movements on the screen (in the workspace) are rotated 30° counterclockwise relative to the hand movement. b The distribution of hand movements relative to the angular hand position in the workspace, i.e., Φ’s, for the baseline task (blue) and the VR task (orange). Arrows point toward the circular means of the distributions. c The difference between the initial reach direction (100–150 ms from target onset) and the expected movement direction during the baseline task (blue) and different periods during the VR task (orange). The expected movement direction was the most likely upcoming movement direction given the current workspace position and movement statistics (panel b). Positive values mean the initial reach direction was counterclockwise of the expected target direction, meaning the monkey had not adapted. Error bars represent the circular SEM. d Position activity maps (activity as a function of position in the workspace) of example PR neurons in the baseline (top) and VR task in the second 2/3 of trials (bottom), as in Fig. 4c. In the middle, we show the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) and magnitude of change of the preferred angular position. e The change in preferred angular position of all PR neurons (VR minus baseline). Positive means a counterclockwise shift. f The distribution of pre-target decoded reach directions relative to the hand’s angular position (decoded Φ’s) for positions not near the center (greater than the median distance). Decoding from the VR task used the second 2/3 of trials. g The difference between the circular mean of the distributions of decoded Φ’s in panel f, between the baseline and VR tasks (VR minus baseline). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals from bootstrapping