Fig. 1

Late-glacial topography, ice sheets and sea-ice extent for BA and YD. The sea-ice extent represents here the simulated winter maximum (a, c, March) vs. summer minimum (b, d, September) for the late BA interstadial (a, b) and mid-YD stadial (c, d). The simulated change in sea-ice extent corresponds to an AMOC reduction from BA to YD of around −36% based on CCSM325,26. The paleotopography is consistent with contemporary sea-level stands and updated ice sheet reconstructions of GLAC-1B (42, Methods)