Fig. 3

Simulated link between YD-BA temperature changes and mean atmospheric flow during the YD. Simulated changes in monthly mean surface temperatures of YD minus BA (K) with CESM1 for a May, b July and c September (shaded colours). May and September show a strong cooling from W to E-Europe which is in contrast to the warm but very short summer season. Stream lines represent the monthly mean wind patterns during the YD which highlight the cooling by zonal advection in May and September from the cold North Atlantic towards Europe which is absent during summer