Fig. 4

Sub-cycle dynamics during off-resonant and near-resonant pulses. a Trap minimum position as a function of time for a pulse with τ = 3.76 ms, f = 200 Hz, A = 3 μm, and ϕ = π. b Post-time-of-flight integrated spatial density distribution versus trap turn-off time during the off-resonant pulse depicted in a. Here ν _x  = 450 Hz. c Trap minimum position as a function of time for a pulse with τ = 3.76 ms, f = 550 Hz, A = 1.5 μm, and \(\phi = \frac{{3\pi }}{2}\). d Post-time-of-flight integrated spatial density distribution versus trap turn-off time during the near-resonant pulse depicted in c. Here ν _x  = 600 Hz. e Density distribution at the time indicated by the dashed line in d. Peaks from bound and ejected atoms are visible