Fig. 5

Shape deformation under positive pressure. LCE films and laminates (10 mm diameter) patterned with +1 topological defects subsumed in the center were heated to 100 °C in a pressure chamber (top right). Air pressure is applied on one side of the films, and the deformation measured via optical profilometry. The horizontal scale bar is 1 cm, while the height scale is 2.4 mm. The scale bar of the pressure chamber is 5 cm