Fig. 1

FWS plots illustrating trends in within-sample infection complexity in Sabah Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Boxplots (a) and scatter plots (b) of the FWS measure, which provides a gauge of the diversity within individual infections scaled from 0 (high diversity) to 1 (no diversity). The boxplot boxes present the median and interquartile range, with the lower whiskers presenting max(min(x), quartile 1–1.5 × interquartile range). The dotted line in (b) illustrates the FWS = 0.95, above which infections are essentially monoclonal. A higher proportion of monoclonal infections are observed in Sabah, Malaysia, relative to Thailand and Indonesia. The plots were generated using genomic data on 259 high-quality samples