Fig. 2

GIWAXS analysis and schematic diagram for microstructure evolution process. a GIWAXS patterns for perovskite films with cation cascade doping as FAMA, FAMACs, FAMACsRb, and FAMACsRbK, respectively. b Integrated intensity plots azimuthally along the ring at q_r approximate to 0.16 Å⁻¹, assigned to the (001) plane of corresponding perovskite films noted in a. c The evolution schematic diagram of GIWAXS patterns occurred with cation cascade doping