Fig. 5

Weaker slab interaction with the upper–lower mantle boundary. Slab evolution of simulations 20a,b,c in which the maximum viscosity cut-off below 400 km depth is reduced to: a 1023, b 5 × 1022 and c 1022 Pa s. For the three cases the value of DTZ/DLM is indicated, highlighting how very weak transition-zone slabs tend to stagnate