Fig. 7
From: HIV-1 targets L-selectin for adhesion and induces its shedding for viral release
Effect of BB-94 on HIV-1 release. a−f SEM (a−c) and TEM (d−f) images of uninfected (a, d) and HIVBAL-infected (b, c, e, f) CD4 T cells on day 6 p.i. in the absence (b, e) or presence (c, f) of BB-94. Lower panel (a−c) is ~×2 higher magnification view of top panel. SEM image scale bars are 2 µm (top panel) and 1 µm (bottom panel). TEM image scale bars are 600 nm (d) and 200 nm (e, f). The images are representatives from at least two independent experiments. There are ~170 virus particles on the infected cell in the absence of BB-94 and a majority of them display typical size of 100–150 nm (b, e). In contrast, ~220 particles are found on an infected cell in the presence of BB-94 with majority of them exhibiting <80 nm size (c, f). g Average number of virus-like particles observed on HIV-budding cells in the presence and absence of BB-94 were quantified in 5–10 TEM images from two independent experiments. Significantly more virus-like particles were found on infected PBMC in the presence of BB-94. h Stimulated virion release from CD4+ T cells of HIV-1-infected individuals. CD4+ T cells from both viremic (left) and aviremic (right) individuals were activated with anti-CD3 antibody or media in the presence and absence of BB-94, DMDP or DMSO. i Paired DMSO and BB-94 treatments as in g from multiple HIV-1-infected individuals. The results are from at least two independent experiments with all data included in the analysis
