Fig. 4

Ratings of independent judges, blind to the experimental conditions. a Change in social ratings of sleep-deprived participants (relative to their ratings in the sleep-rested condition) by independent judges (see Table S1). Following sleep deprivation, participants were rated as being significantly lonelier and less desirable to interact with. Judges also indicated feeling significantly lonelier themselves after watching videos of sleep-deprived participants. b Lonely ratings were positively associated with judges’ corresponding feeling of loneliness: the lonelier a judge rated an individual in a video, the lonelier they themselves sequentially felt. c Judges were significantly more likely to choose a sleep-rested participant to collaborate with compared to chance and significantly more likely to choose a sleep-deprived participant as their least favorite option for collaboration. d The sleep-deprivation increase in reactivity within the Near Space Network (human-only approach) of the experimental participants, correlated with the decreasing desire of judges to socially interact with these sleep-deprived individuals. This relationship was not significant for judges’ rating of perceived loneliness. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005; correlations remain significant without each bottom outlier data point (Fig. 4b: R = 0.5, P < 0.05, Fig. 4d: R = −0.52, P < 0.05); error bars reflect standard error of the mean. SD sleep deprivation, SR sleep rested