Fig. 2

Simulated δ¹⁸O and temperature changes in Antarctica during the LGM. a Map of simulated LGM-PD change of δ¹⁸O in surface snow. Symbols mark the position of data from deep Antarctic ice cores, which are used for model evaluation. b Comparison of measured (red) and modelled (blue) LGM-PD change of δ¹⁸O at 11 Antarctic ice core sites. In addition, simulated δ¹⁸O values are given at four additional sites, where deep ice core drilling projects are ongoing. c As a but for the simulated LGM-PD change of surface temperatures T_surf. Symbols and text labels mark the position of data from deep Antarctic ice cores. Model values have been calculated for the PD and LGM reference simulations. No correction for glacial seawater change has been applied for measured or modelled LGM-PD δ¹⁸O changes. The period of the last glacial maximum (LGM) is defined as 21 ka before present