Fig. 1

Paleogeographic map of the PETM. Map adapted from plate tectonic reconstructions by Scotese⁶⁶ with relevant data on redox and hydrologic indicators at PETM sites. Deoxygenation and hydrologic data from Carmichael et al.²⁰ and references therein. Orange shaded region shows the extent of strata that displayed TOC enrichment from background during the PETM in the Tethys^{11,13,16,67,68}