Fig. 6

HIV-1-infection-induced MDM activation results in T-cell dysfunction. a Schematic of T-cell exhaustion immune phenotyping and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay. MDMs were infected with Lai∆envGFP/G (MOI of 2, wt Rev or M10 Rev) in the presence or absence of AZT or B18R, and autologous CD14^- PBMCs were added to MDMs on day 1 post infection (MDM:PBMC ratio = 1:10). b–g The percentage of IR⁺ CD8⁺ T cells on day 2 (b) or day 5 (c), or IR⁺ CD4⁺ T cells on day 2 (d) or day 5 (e) post initiation of co-culture. f, g The percentage of CD160⁺ PD-1⁺ CD8⁺ T cells (f) and CD160⁺ CD4⁺ T cells (g) on day 5 post initiation of co-culture. The dotted lines indicate the background levels (mock). h, i The percentage of IFN-γ producing CD160⁺ PD-1⁺ (DP) or CD160^- PD-1^- (DN) CD8⁺ T cells (h), or CD160⁺ or CD160^- CD4⁺ T cells (i) in MDM–TC co-culture 6 h post SEB stimulation. The means ± SEM are shown and each symbol represents an independent experiment. Two-tailed p-values: one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer post-test (h, i) or the Dunnett’s post-test (f, g), or paired t-test (b–e). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns: not significant