Fig. 1

Co-infection suppresses CHIKV-induced joint swelling and viral replication. a Joint inflammation and viraemia of CHIKV (n = 7) and PbA (−4 dpi) + CHIKV (n = 7) groups. Each blue “†“ symbol represents one mouse that died of experimental cerebral malaria on the respective day. b Joint inflammation and viraemia of CHIKV (n = 5) and Py17x (−4 dpi) + CHIKV (n = 4) groups. For (a) and (b), Plasmodium infection was given 4 days prior to CHIKV infection, as shown in the schematic. c Joint inflammation and viraemia of CHIKV (n = 7) and CHIKV + PbA (n = 7) groups. d Joint inflammation and viraemia of CHIKV (n = 5) and CHIKV + Py17x (n = 5) groups. For (c) and (d), Plasmodium and CHIKV infection occurred concurrently, as shown in the schematic. All data were analyzed by Mann–Whitney two-tailed test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001), and are representative of two independent experiments. Data represent the means ± standard deviation. Parasitaemia were not altered by co-infection and data has been published in Teo et al.¹⁹. Abbreviations: CHIKV, Chikungunya virus; dpi, days post infection; PbA, Plasmodium berghei-ANKA; Py17x, Plasmodium yoelii 17×