Fig. 1

The population, mobile phone coverage, and malaria epidemiology of Madagascar. a Population estimates were obtained from National Institute of Statistic in Madagascar (INSTAT) and shown per commune with district (gray dashed lines) and region (black solid lines) boundaries shown. Major cities are also highlighted. b The majority of districts have at least one mobile phone tower (102/114 shown in yellow) with only 10% districts lacking coverage. Fewer communes had mobile phone coverage (367/1579 shown in orange). c The mean yearly reported incidence per 1000 is shown. Areas with the highest incidence (dark red) are primarily on the East coast, although both coasts had high incidence (red). Locations with very low incidence (grey) are primarily in the central highlands near Antananarivo. d The prevalence map (PfPR_2–10) from the Malaria Atlas Project is shown. The prevalence map generally reflects the mean incidence with the highest PfPR_2–10 values in the Southeast and North-Central coasts