Fig. 1

Seasonal deformation of Southeast Asia and its influence over tectonic deformation along the Himalaya. a Global seasonal mass variation of equivalent water height (EWH, in cm) measured by GRACE³. The Amazon basin and Southeast Asia experience large seasonal mass variations. b Average peak-to-peak annual surface load variations over Southeast Asia, in terms of equivalent water height (EWH, in mm) measured by GRACE for the period 2002–2012. Circles show the location of the cGPS sites from different networks in the Southeast Asia region. Epicenter of April 25, 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake is shown by the black star. c Small inset represents detrended cGPS time series (north component) of five representative sites from China (stations LHAZ and XZZF) and India (stations JBPR, HYDE, and IISC). It is evident that seasonal deformation occurred both before and after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake (marked by dashed line). The map in (a) is reused from Fu et al.³, with permission from John Wiley and Sons. All rights reserved. The map in (b) was created by authors using Generic Mapping Tools, version 5.2.1; URL: http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/