Fig. 3

Effects of non-EBF vs. EBF on gut bacterial taxa abundances in infants ≤6 months of age. a Gut bacterial phyla: heatmap of log(odds ratio) (log[OR]) of relative abundances of all gut bacterial phyla between non-EBF and EBF infants for each study and forest plot of pooled estimates across all seven studies with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). b Gut bacterial families: heatmap of log(OR) of relative abundances of all gut bacterial families between non-EBF and EBF infants for each study and forest plot of pooled estimates across all seven studies with 95% CI. All log(OR) estimates of each bacterial taxa from each study were from generalized additive models for location scale and shape (GAMLSS) with zero-inflated beta family (BEZI) and were adjusted for age of infants at sample collection. Pooled log(OR) estimates and 95% CI (forest plot) were from random-effects meta-analysis models based on the adjusted log(OR) estimates and corresponding standard errors of all included studies. Pooled log(OR) estimates with pooled p-values < 0.05 are in red, and those with false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted pooled p-values < 0.1 are shown as triangles. Missing (unavailable) values are in white. EBF exclusive breastfeeding, non-EBF non-exclusive breastfeeding, OR odds ratio, USA United States of America, CA California, FL Florida, MA Massachusetts, MO Missouri, NC North Carolina