Fig. 5
From: Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations
The continued effects of EBF on the infant gut microbiota up to 2 years of age. Data from Bangladesh study only. a The impact of duration of EBF (shorter than 2 months vs. longer than 2 months from birth) on gut microbiota age. b The impact of duration of EBF on gut bacterial family composition. c The effects of diarrhea (vs. no diarrhea) around the time of stool sample collection on gut microbiota age in infants with duration of EBF shorter than 2 months vs. longer than 2 months from birth. d The effects of diarrhea (vs. no diarrhea) around the time of stool sample collection on gut microbial diversity (Shannon index) in infants with duration of EBF shorter than 2 months vs. longer than 2 months from birth. e The effects of diarrhea (vs. no diarrhea) around the time of stool sample collection on gut bacterial taxa composition at the family level in infants with duration of EBF shorter than 2 months vs. longer than 2 months from birth. f The effects of diarrhea (vs. no diarrhea) around the time of stool sample collection on gut bacterial taxa composition at the family level in infants receiving no breastfeeding at the time of diarrhea vs. infants receiving breastfeeding at the time of diarrhea. Number of infants n = 50 (duration of EBF ≤ 2 months n = 30, duration of EBF > 2 months n = 20). Number of samples 0–2 years of age ns = 996 (duration of EBF ≤ 2 months ns = 580, duration of EBF > 2 months ns = 416). Number of samples 6 months to 2 years of age ns = 674 (duration of EBF ≤ 2 months ns = 378 [diarrhea ns = 29, no diarrhea ns = 349]; duration of EBF > 2 months ns = 296 [diarrhea ns = 19, no diarrhea ns = 277]; with breastfeeding ns = 616 [diarrhea ns = 45, no diarrhea ns = 571]; without breastfeeding ns = 44 [diarrhea ns = 2, no diarrhea ns = 42]). Fitted lines and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were from generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). Gray dashed lines demarcate time periods tested. Black stars indicate statistical significance. EBF exclusive breastfeeding, BF breastfeeding
