Fig. 2
GABAergic activation promotes antimicrobial responses against mycobacterial and salmonella infection. a, b In vivo bacterial loads determined by CFU assay. a Mice (n = 15 per group) were infected i.v. with Mtb (1 × 106 CFU), treated with PBS or GABA (daily i.p. 200 mg/kg), and monitored at 14 dpi. b Mice (n = 8 per group) were infected i.v. with BCG (1 × 107 CFU), treated with PBS or GABA (daily i.p. 200 mg/kg), and monitored at 10 dpi. c Representative in vivo imaging of BCG-ERFP-infected lungs (i.n., 2 × 106 CFU) from mice treated with PBS or GABA (daily i.p. 200 mg/kg n = 3 per group) at 7 dpi. d Representative H&E-stained images (left) in lung tissue of mice treated as in a, and quantitative analysis of histopathology scores (right). Scale bars, 100 μm. e Intracellular survival of Mtb assessed in BMDMs treated with GABA (10, 100, or 1000 μM), muscimol (Mus; 10, 100, or 1000 μM), or isoguvacine hydrochloride (Iso; 10, 100, or 1000 μM) for 3 days. f Human MDMs were infected with Mtb (MOI of 5), followed by treatment with GABA (100 μM), Mus (100 μM), or Iso (100 μM). Intracellular survival of Mtb was determined by CFU assay. g, h After S. typhimurium (1 × 108 CFU) oral infection, PBS or GABA (200 mg/kg) were injected daily i.p. for 7 days. g Survival of mice (n = 18–19 per group). h Viable cell count of intracellular S. typhimurium in MLN, spleen, and liver of mice treated with PBS or GABA (n = 14 per group) at 5 dpi. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001. ns: not significant, SC: solvent control (0.1% PBS). Statistical significance was determined by unpaired t-test (a, b, h), Mann–Whitney U-test (d), one-way ANOVA (e, f), and log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test (g). Data shown (means ± SEM) represent the combined results of two (a) or three (b, d–h) independent experiments. Images are representative of one (c) or three (d) independent experiments. Each symbol represents one animal (a, b, h)
