Fig. 3
From: Galanin neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area promote sleep and heat loss in mice
Optogenetic inhibition of VLPOGAL neurons decreases NREM sleep. a Schematic representation of AAV injections and implantation of optical fibers and EEG/EMG leads. b In vitro whole-cell recordings in current clamp mode from VLPOGAL neurons expressing ArchT-GFP. Yellow/orange-light pulses (5 min duration) strongly hyperpolarized (difference in resting membrane potential between the last 10 s prior to laser pulse vs. the last 10 s of laser illumination was 28.4 ± 3.7 mV; p = 0.00026, paired t-test, n = 7 neurons in three mice) VLPOGAL neurons expressing ArchT and abolished action potentials (dotted line: 0 mV). c In vivo inhibition of VLPOGAL neurons by yellow/orange laser light (593.5 nm wavelength; ~10 mW/mm2 illumination at fiber tip) applied for 5 min every 30 min decreased the percent time spent in NREM sleep during the 12 h dark period. We compared 5 min periods ‘before’, ‘during’, and ‘after’ the photoinhibition using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA for ‘treatment groups’, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (F(2, 12) = 15.86, p = 0.0005, n = 7 mice. d Sham photoinhibition did not alter the amount of NREM sleep in the same mice. Data are Mean ± SEM. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01. Scale bars in b are 20 mV, 50 s
