Fig. 5
From: Galanin neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area promote sleep and heat loss in mice
Chemoactivation of VLPOGAL neurons promotes NREM sleep and hypothermia. a, b Percentages of NREM sleep every 4 h for 24 h after saline or CNO administration (red arrow) at 19:00 h a or 10:00 h b and respective NREM sleep latencies. Two-way repeated measures (RM) ANOVA for the first 12 h after treatment for ‘time’ and ‘compound injected’, followed by Sidak’s post hoc test (19:00 h injections (n = 9 mice): time F(2,32) = 2.398, p = 0.1070, compound injected F(1,16) = 22.76, p = 0.0002; 10:00 h injections (n = 13 mice): time F(2,48) = 77.29, p < 0.0001, compound injected F(1,24) = 28.92, p < 0.0001). c, d Percentages of REM sleep after saline or CNO at 19:00 h c or 10:00 h d with respective REM sleep latencies. Two-way RM ANOVA followed by Sidak’s post hoc test (19:00 h injections (n = 9 mice): time F(2,32) = 10.77, p = 0.0003, compound injected F(1,16) = 7.763, p = 0.0132; 10:00 h injections (n = 13 mice): time F(2,48) = 11.75, p < 0.0001, compound injected F(1,24) = 41.06, p < 0.0001); Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test for REM sleep latencies (19:00 h injections p = 0.0010; 10:00 h injections p = 0.0002). e, f Tb after saline or CNO at 19:00 h e or 10:00 h f; dotted lines represent SEM; Two-way RM ANOVA for the first 12 h after treatment for ‘time’ and ‘compound injected’, followed by Sidak’s post hoc test (19:00 h injections: time F(143, 4004) = 19.4, p < 0.0001, compound injected F(1,28) = 19.09, p = 0.0002; n = 15 mice; 10:00 h injections: time F(143,4290) = 65, p < 0.0001, compound injected F(1,30) = 29.78, p < 0.0001; n = 16 mice). g, i Correlation between percentage change in NREM sleep and fall in Tb after CNO at 19:00 h g or 10:00 h i; Pearson correlation (19:00 h injections: r = 0.5831, p = 0.1292, n = 8 mice; 10:00 h injections: r = 0.7076, p = 0.01; n = 12 mice). h, j Correlation between percentage change in REM sleep and fall in Tb after CNO at 19:00 h h or 10:00 j; Pearson correlation (19:00 h injections r = 0.4093, p = 0.3140, n = 8 mice; 10:00 injections: r = 0.5749, p = 0.0505; n = 12 mice). Red arrows indicate saline/CNO injections. Data are Mean ± SEM, except sleep latencies which are Mean ± SD, ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001
