Fig. 6
Icilin and DMPP reverse diet-induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in DIO mice. a, b Effects on glucose tolerance and c, d glucose-stimulated insulin secretion following daily s.c. injections to DIO mice of vehicle (black, n = 8), DMPP 10 mg/kg (red, n = 8), icilin 5 mg/kg (blue, n = 8), or DMPP 10 mg/kg and icilin 5 mg/kg (purple, n = 7) for 7 days. e Effects on 6-h fasted insulin levels, f HOMA-IR score, and g insulin tolerance following daily s.c. injections to DIO mice of vehicle (black, n = 8), DMPP 10 mg/kg (red, n = 8), icilin 5 mg/kg (blue, n = 8), or DMPP 10 mg/kg and icilin 5 mg/kg (purple, n = 7) for 7 days at 23 °C. h Effect on insulin tolerance following 14 days of daily s.c. injections of vehicle (black, n = 8), DMPP 5 mg/kg (red, n = 7), icilin 5 mg/kg (blue, n = 8), or the combination of DMPP 5 mg/kg and icilin 5 mg/kg (purple, n = 7) in DIO mice housed at 30 °C. i and j Effect on pyruvate tolerance following daily s.c. injections to DIO mice of vehicle (black, n = 7), DMPP 5 mg/kg (red, n = 7), icilin 5 mg/kg (blue, n = 7), or DMPP 5 mg/kg and icilin 5 mg/kg (purple, n = 7) for 20 days. k Plasma lipoprotein fractions following daily s.c. injections to DIO mice of vehicle (black, n = 7), DMPP 5 mg/kg (red, n = 7), icilin 5 mg/kg (blue, n = 7), or DMPP 5 mg/kg and icilin 5 mg/kg (purple, n = 7) for 21 days. l Effect on hepatic steatosis score following daily s.c. injections to DIO mice housed at 23 °C of vehicle (n = 8), DMPP 10 mg/kg (n = 8), icilin 5 mg/kg (n = 8), or DMPP 10 mg/kg and icilin 5 mg/kg (n = 7) for 14 days. m Liver H & E stainings and n NASH severity (%) following daily s.c. injections to DIO mice housed at 30 °C of vehicle (black, n = 8), DMPP 5 mg/kg (red, n = 7), icilin 5 mg/kg (blue, n = 8), or DMPP 5 mg/kg and icilin 5 mg/kg (purple, n = 7) for 14 days. All scale bars are 200 µm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by two-way ANOVA (a, c, g, h, i) and one-way ANOVA (b, d, e, f, j) with Tukey post-hoc test. #p < 0.05 vehicle vs. icilin and +p < 0.05 vehicle vs. DMPP (g). All data are presented as mean ± SEM
