Fig. 2

Structural characterization. a, b Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of black phosphorous chemical-bridged carbon nanotubes (BP–CNTs) at low and high magnifications, respectively. Scale bar: a 500 nm; b 100 nm. c High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of BP–CNTs, scale bar: 2 nm. d High magnification of the selected domain in a, scale bar: 100 nm. The corresponding energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping images of C (e) and P (f), scale bar: e 100 nm; f 100 nm. Surface scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of BP–CNTs at low (g) and high magnifications (h), scale bar: g 2 µm; h 1 µm. i Structural illustration of BP–CNTs, scale bar: 400 nm. High-resolution C 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of black phosphorous (BP) (j) and BP–CNTs (k). l Micro-pore size distributions. Insets are typical nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms and meso-pore size distributions. 4-NBD is 4-nitrobenzene diazonium