Fig. 4

Change in mean strength of CNDD with pesticide treatment at increasing distances from the forest edge. CNDD was estimated at: a 0–5 m (E0), b 20–30 m (E1), c 50–60 m (E2), and d E3 (90–100 m) from the forest edge. Points represent estimated strength of CNDD (N = 146 per treatment) and bars provide 95% Bayesian credible intervals for parameters estimated using generalized linear mixed-effects models in a hierarchical Bayesian framework. Dotted line represents no CNDD (slope of density-dependent seed-to-seedling transition = 1). The degree of overlap in credible intervals is an indication of the strength of difference between treatments—lesser overlap suggesting stronger differences. Separate slopes were estimated per species and group-level intercepts per species and station