Fig. 1
NO2 indirectly reduces herbivore performance and is transferred across trophic levels. a Growth of Manduca sexta larvae on leaf tissue of Nicotiana plants exposed to 40 ppb NO2 (blue bars) and 0 ppb NO2 (white bars) under low and high concentrations of root-available NO3 (10 days). b Inset panel shows no direct effect of NO2 on larvae feeding on artificial diet in the experimental (40 ppb NO2) chambers. c δ15N values of tissue from larva feeding on plants in chambers. Within each plot, different combinations of letters denote significant differences among means (Tukey’s test, P < 0.05), where present; ns indicates not significant. Data represent N = 3 chamber averages with N = 4 plants per chamber, and error bars are ±1 SE, with full statistical results provided in Supplementary Table 1
