Fig. 8

Antibiotic treatment selectively abolishes FMT beneficial effects. a Schematic representation of the experiment. b Rarefaction curves showing microbial richness (Chao1 index,top panel) and microbial richness and evenness (Shannon index,bottom panel). Black line, untreated-, red line ABXFMT-, blue line Strepto FMT-, Green line Metro FMT-, Violet line Vanco FMT- derived samples. c Plating of faecal material derived from untreated, treated with the antibiotic cocktail (ABX) or with streptomycin (Strepto), Metronidazole (Metro) or Vancomycin (Vanco) in aerobiosis (left) and anaerobiosis (right). d Comparison of relative abundancies of different taxa between faecal microbiota obtained from normobiotic (outer chart) and Streptomycin-treated mice (inner chart, left panel), or Metronidazole-treated (inner chart, middle panel) or Vancomycin-treated mice(inner chart, right panel). e Heat map comparing the expression levels of the different taxa between faecal microbiota obtained from normobiotic, Streptomycin-, Metronidazole- or Vancomycin-treated mice. f, g Colon length (f) and il1b colonic expression (g) in DSS-treated (black boxes), DSS + Untreated FMT (white boxes), DSS + ABX FMT (red boxes), DSS + Streptomycin FMT (blue boxes), DSS + Metronidazole FMT (green boxes) and Vancomycin (Violet boxes)-treated mice. h Frequencies IL-10 secreting colonic total CD45 + immune cell populations or gated dendritic cells (CD11c + ), neutrophils (Cd11b + Ly6g + ), Macrophages (Cd11b + F4/80 + ), B cells (CD19 + ) and CD4⁺ T cells isolated from DSS-treated (black boxes), DSS + untreated FMT (white boxes), DSS + ABX FMT (red boxes), DSS + Streptomycin FMT (blue boxes), DSS + Metronidazole FMT (green boxes) and DSS + Vancomycin FMT (Violet boxes)-treated mice. Statistical significance was calculated using a Mann–Whitney test for comparison within two groups or Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison correction within more than two groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 were regarded as statistically significant. Outliers were detected with Grubb’s test. Non parametric distributions were represented as median+/− interquartile range. In Box and whiskers plots, centre line represents median; cross, represents mean; dots represent outliers. In (b–e) UT n = 4; DSS, DSS + Abx FMT n = 5; DSS + Strepto FMT, DSS + Metro FMT n = 6; DSS + FMT Vanco n = 3. In (f–h) UT n = 4; DSS n = 5; DSS + Abx FMT, DSS + Strepto FMT, DSS + Metro FMT, DSS + FMT Vanco n = 6