Fig. 1

Apis mellifera diversity. a A map of the UK with the location of colonies sampled. b The number of SNVs from all samples presented across A. mellifera chromosomes 1 to 16 in 100 kb consecutive windows. c A network based on the identity by state (IBS) similarity score of sample variants identifying Group 1 in the centre and Group 2 in the periphery of the major cluster while Carniolan and Buckfast samples remain distinct. This includes sequencing duplicates (01–04 and 08–11). Strength of edges is represented on a scale from thin and blue (weak) to thick and red (strong). d The heterozygosity level across consecutive window of size 100 kb comparing groups 1 and 2 identified from the network graph. e ADMIXTURE analyses of pooled DNA (left) and genotypes simulated assuming Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (right); colours indicate the distinct genetic backgrounds identified assuming K backgrounds. f Map of sampling locations indicating ADMIXTURE results at K = 3. Maps were obtained from © EuroGeographics. Original product is available for free at www.eurogeographics.org Terms of licence available at https://eurogeographics.org/services/open-data/topographic-data/