Fig. 4
From: Canopy mortality has doubled in Europe’s temperate forests over the last three decades
A multi-proxy analysis of mortality changes in temperate forests of Europe. Panel a shows annual rates (colored lines) and temporal trends (black lines) of canopy mortality (percentage of area affected), wood removal (percentage of growing stock removed), individual tree mortality (percentage of trees dying), bark beetle disturbance (percentage of growing stock disturbed), and wind disturbances (percentage of growing stock disturbed). Panel b shows correlation between canopy mortality (x axis) and the alternate proxies of forest mortality. The gray lines are a linear regression based on the median of the posterior distributions. We note that both wind and bark beetle disturbances are largely included in the total wood removal, due to the common practice of salvage logging in our study area. Solid lines in a and dots in b are the median of the posterior probability distributions, and ribbons in a and error bars in b indicate the 95% credible interval. See Supplementary Table 3 for numerical estimates
