Fig. 3

Group and individual diversity vs. impact in each subfield. In each subplot, the points correspond to subfields, the color indicates the main field, while the solid line and the shaded area represent the regression line and the 95% confidence interval, respectively. Each regression has also been annotated with the corresponding Pearson’s r and p values. a For each subfield, the subplots depict the mean group diversity indices, \(\langle d_{{\mathrm {eth}}}^{\mathrm {G}}\rangle\), \(\langle d_{{\mathrm {age}}}^{\mathrm {G}}\rangle\), \(\langle d_{{\mathrm {gen}}}^{\mathrm {G}}\rangle\), \(\langle d_{\mathrm {{dsp}}}^{\mathrm {G}}\rangle\) and \(\langle d_{\mathrm {{aff}}}^{\mathrm {G}}\rangle\), against the mean 5-year citation count, \(\langle c_5^{\mathrm {G}}\rangle\), taken over papers in that subfield. b For each subfield, the subplots depict the mean individual diversity indices, \(\langle d_{\mathrm {{eth}}}^{\mathrm {I}}\rangle\), \(\langle d_{\mathrm {{age}}}^{\mathrm {I}}\rangle\), \(\langle d_{\mathrm {{gen}}}^{\mathrm {I}}\rangle\), \(\langle d_{\mathrm {{dsp}}}^{\mathrm {I}}\rangle\) and \(\langle d_{\mathrm {{aff}}}^{\mathrm {I}}\rangle\), against the mean 5-year citation count, \(\langle c_5^{\mathrm {I}}\rangle\), taken over scientists in that subfield