Fig. 4

Valve occurrences in intervention strategies, categorized by metabolic subsystem. a Fully decoupled strategies target over 90% theoretical maximum production without cell growth in the second (production) state. b Single valves identified for fully decoupled strategies, single valves can independently redirect flux. c Partially decoupled strategies achieve over 70% theoretical yield while maintaining a biomass yield of 0.01 gdw mmol⁻¹. d Single valves identified for partially decoupled strategies. e Central metabolic map highlighting identified valves and associated subsystems. Bolded reactions refer to the top five valves for each decoupling strategy. Bolded metabolites refer to metabolites at the center of the bow-tie architecture of metabolism³⁴