Fig. 3

Oil palm expansion results. a Oil palm expansion across Southwest Cameroon from 2000–2015, with areas of forest conversion to oil palm highlighted in red. Conversion of other land cover types to oil palm are shown in turquoise. Scale bar: 40 km. b Most oil palm expansion occurred outside industrial concessions, outlined in purple. Scale bar: 6 km. c The Southwest Region of Cameroon. d Total land area converted for oil palm expansion coming from forest (red) and other land cover types (turquoise). The area converted for oil palm expansion was double the total area of conversion across other land cover types