Fig. 4
Relative influence of mills on expansion and deforestation. a, b Odds ratios from the binomial logit models predicting oil palm expansion (a) and deforestation due to oil palm expansion (b). Variables significantly affecting oil palm expansion (a) and deforestation (b) are indicated by the larger, black circles (significant at Wald test, p < 0.05 with odds ratios that do not overlap 1). Variables with odds ratios to the right of the dotted line at 1 indicate that an increase in that variable is associated with greater odds of oil palm expansion or deforestation, while odds ratios to the left of the dotted line indicate that an increase in that variable is associated with decreased odds. Bars correspond to the 95% confidence interval for odds ratios calculated using White–Huber standard errors from the oil palm expansion model (n = 1,929,816) and deforestation model (n = 12,266)
