Fig. 3
From: Electric-field control of spin accumulation direction for spin-orbit torques
Evolution of the device state. a–c Schematic showing a Pt/Co/GdOx device in a normal (a, c) and reversed state (b). The oxygen (blue sphere) at the Co/GdOx interface in a normal device moves to the Co/Pt interface on application of negative gate voltage and gives rise to an interfacial torque. The direction of spin accumulation in a–c is indicated by the blue and red arrows. d Evolution of HL in a Pt (1.5 nm)/Co (0.8 nm)/GdOx (20 nm) device on application of gate voltage pulses. Vg pulses were applied at room temperature while the HL measurements were performed at 160 K after removing the Vg connections. Red arrows represent applications of negative Vg pulse while blue arrows indicate positive Vg application events. The duration of the Vg pulse is indicated adjacent to the arrows
