Fig. 2

Transmission electron microscopic and electron energy loss spectroscopic measurements. a Representative high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM image of Ru-NC-700. The scale bar is 2 nm; b–e electron energy loss spectroscopic spectra of zones (I)–(IV) in a that correspond to ruthenium single atoms, ruthenium nanoclusters, ruthenium nanoparticles, and ruthenium-free carbon matrix, respectively. The insets are the respective zoom-in within the energy range of 430–500 eV