Fig. 2

Different ORR intermediates on the (001)-SrO-termination and the CoO2 termination. a These include the products of oxygen adsorption and oxygen dissociation and oxygen incorporation reactions on the SrO terminated LSC surface. Concentrations (per-Co site) of surface species at 650 °C and 0.2 atm pO2 are given in parentheses. \({\mathrm{O}}_2^{{n} - }\) represent adsorbed oxygen molecular with number n negative electron charge on the surface. Otop, OSr-top and OSr-bridge represent an adatom oxygen at oxygen top, Sr top and Sr bridge position respectively. O2(Srtop), O2(Srbr) and O2(Srbr − Otop) represent a adsorbed O2 at Sr top, Sr bridge and between Sr bridge and O top, respectively. b These include the products of oxygen adsorption and oxygen dissociation and oxygen incorporation reactions on the CoO2 terminated LSC surface. Concentrations (per-Co site) of surface species at 650 °C and 0.2 atm pO2 are given in parentheses. “s” represents a surface oxygen vacancy. CoO represent an oxygen adatom on the top of surface Co atom. “sO2” represent an oxygen molecular incorporated into a surface oxygen vacancy