Fig. 3

Lasting effect of splenic U/S neuromodulation. a Splenic IL-1α concentrations measured from the same samples as Fig. 2c–e. n = 5 for all experimental conditions, except LPS–(U/S) controls which were n = 7. b Study timeline and data designed to measure the concentrations of splenic TNF after response times of 1–3 h (i.e., the time the sample was harvested post treatment). n = 4 for each experimental condition. c Normalized concentrations (compared to LPS controls) of activated/phosphorylated kinases with or without U/S stimulus pressures from 0.03 to 1.72 MPa. n = 4 for each experimental condition. d Concentration of splenic TNF after protective (pre-LPS) U/S treatments after delay times from 0.5 to 48 h prior to LPS injection. n = 5. The asterisks mark statistical significance using two-sided t-test versus LPS only controls (with p-value thresholds; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). All experiments in this figure were performed using the same US settings as in Fig. 2 (0.83 MPa)