Fig. 3
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. a MD snapshots at different stages of the irradiation process of Xe at 30 kV in (0001)-oriented pure Ti surface at normal incidence. Atoms initially within 1 nm of the surface are indicated by the colour scale. The bulk atoms are shown in light purple. The scale bar is 10 nm. b Position of Ti atoms after irradiation (final distance to surface) as a function of their position before irradiation (initial distance to surface). c Similar graph as in (b) following Ga implantation at acceleration voltages of 5 kV (pink) and 30 kV (blue). d Similar graph as in (b) following Xe and Ga implantation at room temperature (RT) (dark red and orange respectively) and at cryogenic temperature, i.e., 138 K (light and dark blue respectively)
