Fig. 6

Impacts of IRE on PDAC stroma. a Representative tumor cross-section after IRE treatment; scale bar = 2 mm. N necrosis, V viable tumor. b, c Representative IHC staining of CD31 and FAPαs in viable tumor regions in the groups of control (black solid circle), IRE + 4 days (red circle), and IRE + 6 days (blue solid square), and corresponding quantifications. Ten to fifteen 200× fields-of-view (FOV) were randomly recorded and analyzed. Scale bar = 50 µm. d Immunoblotting of tumor lysates (n = 3 per group) for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA-IX), αSMA, hyaluronic acid binding protein 1 (HABP1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), PD-L1, and beta-actin (β-actin). e Representative fluorescence images of tumor cross-sections and corresponding quantification of mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Five to ten FOVs were randomly imaged in each group and quantified in terms of MFI. FITC-conjugated dextran (70 kD) was intravenously injected to characterize vascular permeability 24 h before tumors were collected. f Representative dual-fluorescence images of CD31 (red) and FITC-dextran (green) in tumors. Scale bar = 50 µm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Significance was determined using 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc analysis. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, n.s. not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file