Fig. 5

FOXG1 insufficiency impairs cortical GABA interneuron induction and maturation. a Schematic overview of induction and maturation of cortical GABA interneurons. Red arrow heads indicate the time that sample collected for analysis. b Immunofluorescence images on day 50 showing the expression of neuronal maker TUJ1 (red) and GABAergic inhibitory neuronal maker GABA (green). Scale bar, 100 μm. c Representative immunofluorescence image of a single neuron on day 60 showing the expression of mature GABAergic neuron makers MAP2 (green), vGAT (magenta), Synapsin 1(red). Right, zoom of dashed rectangle. Scale bar, 5 μm. d Representative immunofluorescence images of different subtypes of cortical inhibitory interneurons on day 70 of differentiation including Calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), somatostatin (SST), parvalbumin (PV) neurons. Scale bar, 5 μm. e Representative AP firing patterns recorded on day 60 of a single neuron. f Whole-cell patch clamp reveals sIPSCs recorded from a single neuron on day 60. g Representative immunofluorescence images for MAP2 (green), FOXG1-HA (red), DCX (magenta) of GABA interneurons from each ASV treatment group (0, 50, 100, 1000 nM)) on day 60. Scale bar, 100 μm. h–l Representative AP firing patterns recorded on day 60 GABA interneurons from each ASV treating group (0, 50, 100, 1000 nM). m Quantification of the neuron maturity according recorded AP firing patterns of each ASV treating groups (0 nM, n = 28; 50 nM, n = 20; 100 nM, n = 26; 1000 nM, n = 6). n Quantification of the neuron maturity according recorded AP firing patterns of ASV = 0 nM group and ASV = 50 nM on day 45 and day 60. Results came from two independent experiments. Day 45: 0 nM, n₁ = 24, n₂ = 24; 50 nM, n₁ = 24, n₂ = 24. Day 60: 0 nM, n₁ = 28, n₂ = 24; 50 nM, n₁ = 20, n₂ = 24. *p < 0.05 and n.s. not significant. Data were subjected to an unpaired two-tailed t test. All error bars represent mean ± s.e.m. Source data are provided as a Source Data file