Fig. 8
From: MMS observations of electron scale magnetic cavity embedded in proton scale magnetic cavity

The underestimation of the technique if the actual boundary curves outward. ∆D is the underestimation, ρ is the particle gyro-radius, RB is the boundary curvature radius, R is the sounding distance, and ϕ1 and ϕ2 are critical angles derived from the sounding technique