Fig. 3

X-ray imaging by single pixel, linear arrays, and two-dimensional (2D) arrays scanning. a–c Scheme of three different X-ray imaging processes: a single pixel scanning, b linear detector array (LDA) scanning, c 2D detector arrays scanning. d Optical and X-ray images of a plastic toy and an electronic key card. e Optical and X-ray images of an encapsulated metallic spring as well as a portion of a fish caudal fin (top, right) and X-ray image of a section of it (bottom, right). f A hand phantom X-ray image obtained from a muon piston calorimeter (MPC) detector (using 100kVp and 5mGy_air s⁻¹ for 5 ms exposure, resulting in a dose of 25μGy_air and a bias voltage of 50 V). Scale bars in d are 10 mm and the ones in e are 5 mm. d (ref. ¹⁷), e (ref. ⁶⁶), and f (ref. ⁶⁴) are all adapted with permission from Springer Nature