Fig. 10

Patients with AF reveal DNA damage and PARP1 activation. a–c Representative Western blots of PAR and PARP1 levels in RAA and LAA of SR and AF patients with underlying mitral valve disease, showing significant increase in PAR levels in AF patients compared to SR. PARP1 expression levels remain unchanged between AF and SR patients. n = 10 for SR RAA, n = 5 for SR LAA, n = 10 for AF RAA, n = 5 for AF LAA ^*P < 0.05 SR RAA vs. AF RAA, SR LAA vs. AF LAA. d Representative immunofluorescence staining of γH2AX in RAA of SR and AF patients. e Quantified data of positive nuclear γH2AX staining of RAA from SR and AF patients. n = 4 for SR, n = 5 for AF. f PARP1 activity (PAR) correlates significantly with DNA damage (γH2AX positive nuclei). n = 4 for each group. SR: open circle and AF: filled circle. g Representative immunofluorescent staining of 53BP1 in RAA of SR and AF patients. h Quantified data of positive nuclear 53BP1 staining in RAA of SR and AF patients. n = 4 for SR, n = 7 for AF. i Quantification of nuclear circularity in SR and AF patients showing AF patients with elongated nuclei. n = 94 nuclei from 4 SR patients and n = 104 nuclei from 7 AF patients. d–i ^*P < 0.05 SR vs. AF, ^**P < 0.01 SR vs. AF. Scalebar is 40 µm. Data are all expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Individual group mean differences were evaluated with the two-tailed Student’s t test