Fig. 6
From: DNA-enabled rational design of fluorescence-Raman bimodal nanoprobes for cancer imaging and therapy
In vivo cancer imaging and photothermal therapy using OFRNPs. a NIR fluorescence images of ovarian cancer xenograft mouse after 48 h i.v. administration of 200 µl of 1 µM of DylightTM-780 labeled DNA (left, control), and 200 µl of 10 nM of OFRNPs (right). There is visible contrast in tumor tissue. b Tumor to background ratio derived from NIR fluorescence images at different time points. The ratio reaches a maximum of 3 after 48 h post-injection (n = 3). c, d Ex vivo fluorescence images of tumor showing ~8 times higher fluorescence than muscle next to the tumor (n = 3). e Background subtracted Raman spectra of the tissues indicate the presence of the Raman signature of OFRNPs at 796 cm−1 in the tumor tissue but not the normal tissue. Scale bars are 200 μm. f Ex vivo fluorescence and Raman images of the excised ovarian cancer tumor with adjacent H&E histology correlation. g Ex vivo fluorescence and Raman images of the coronal section of a GBM mouse brain with adjacent H&E histology correlation. Scale bar is 1 mm. h High magnification immunofluorescence images of ovarian cancer tumor strained with CD31 antibody (green channel) for the visualization of neovasculature. The OFRNPs (red channel) was clearly localized in and just out of neovasculature. Scale bars are 20 μm. i Temperature maps of the mouse during photothermal therapy (PTT) at different laser exposure times. j The average temperature of the tumor area during photothermal therapy indicated OFRNP injected mouse tumors underwent an increase in temperature (red) compared to the PBS injected mouse (black). k Representative photographic images of a mouse from different treatment groups at different days post photothermal therapy. l Relative change in tumor volume of different treatment groups (n = 6) plotted against time (in days) after PTT, circle, square, triangle, inverted triangle corresponds to OFRNP injected mice with PTT, PBS injected mice with PTT, OFRNP injected mice without PTT, and PBS injected mice without PTT, respectively. The tumor sizes increase considerably for all the groups, in contrast to size decrease of OFRNP injected mice which received PTT. m H&E staining shows extensive necrosis of OFRNP injected tumor compared to PBS injected tumor after the same PTT. Scale bars are 200 μm. All data represent mean ± standard deviation (n = 6), ***P < 0.001, *P < 0.05 (one-sided Student’s t-test)
