Fig. 3

Electrochemical performance of the HNMG particles, NMG particles and graphite electrodes. a Cycling performance of the HNMG (1 C = 744 mA g⁻¹), NMG (1 C = 744 mA g⁻¹), and graphite (1 C = 372 mA g⁻¹) electrodes with a mass loading of 1 mg cm⁻² at a rate of 2 C for 500 cycles in the 0.01–2.0 V window (vs. Li/Li⁺). b Rate performance of the HNMG, NMG, and graphite electrodes at various C rates (0.2–60 C). c Volumetric capacity of the HNMG, NMG, and graphite electrodes at different C rates. d Nyquist plots of the HNMG, NMG, and graphite electrodes prior to the cycling process