Fig. 2 | Nature Communications

Fig. 2

From: Dynamic imaging of crystalline defects in lithium-manganese oxide electrodes during electrochemical activation to high voltage

Fig. 2

The form and motion of the second kind of defects upon delithiation. a Dissociated dislocation in Li2MnO3 with Burgers vector c/2[001] formed dynamically in delithiation. b Atomic model of the dislocation containing lithium vacancies in both Li- and Li-Mn layers. c–f Defect density (green arrowheads) of the Li2MnO3 electrode increases as the delithiation process progresses. g Comparison of experimental voltage–composition plot of a Li/Li2MnO3 cell (black) with the calculated plot of cells containing Li2MnO3 electrodes with b/6[110] defects dominating the first step (4.89 V) and c/2[001] defects dominating the second step (5.03 V). Without the c/2[001] defects, the second step would occur at voltage of 5.13 V. h Illustration of the c/2[001] defects and a proposed mechanism by which oxygen is transported in a highly defective Li2MnO3 electrode structure and released at the surface

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